Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC) is a special form of carnitine that has a particular ability to optimize brain function. ALC is able to cross into the brain more effectively than regular carnitine.

It therefore enhances brain cell function much better than regular carnitine. As we age, ALC levels in our brains go down, and for the optimal brain function, supplements of ALC become mandatory. Particularly for those over 40, ALC is the preferred form of carnitine.

ALC prevents the deterioration of the brain during stress, helps the aging brain function better, and prevents damage to nerve cells that occur when there is a lack of oxygen in brain cells. One use for ALC is in therapy for recovering stroke victims.

ALC is also a crucial nutrient for the management of Alzheimer's disease. It does this with complete safety and without toxicity.

ALC also enhances immune function. AIDS patients given 1500mg per day of ALC saw an increase in immunity and a decrease in anxiety, depression, and hostility. Chronic fatigue patients are low in ALC and also benefit from supplementation.

Source:
1. ©October 1996, Total Health, p.31

Acidophilus is the term generally applied to the body's resident lactic acid producing bacteria, also known as friendly flora, or probiotics. Probiotic bacteria favorably alter the intestinal microflora balance, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, promote good digestion, boost immune function, and increase resistance to infection.

Acidophilus and bifidobacteria maintain a healthy balance of intestinal flora by producing organic compounds such as lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid. Probiotic bacteria also produce substances called bacteriocins, which act as natural antibiotics to kill undesirable microorganisms.

Regular ingestion of probiotic bacteria may help prevent vaginal yeast infection. In the case of gastrointestinal conditions, diarrhea flushes intestinal microorganisms out of the gastrointestinal tract, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Probiotics are important in recolonizing the intestine during and after antibiotic use. They also promote healthy digestion.

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are naturally occurring carbohydrates that cannot be digested or absorbed by humans but support the growth of bifidobacteria, one of the beneficial bacterial strains. As a result, some nutritionally oriented doctors recommend taking FOS to all patients who are supplementing bifidobacteria.

Probiotics and FOS have been used in connection with diarrhea, vaginitis, and yeast infections. Secondarily, they are connected with immune function and mouth ulcers. Other uses include indigestion and heartburn.

Sources:
1. Jarrow-Dophilus + FOS, Jarrow Formulas.
2. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), also known as Thioctic acid, is a vitamin-like natural antioxidant. It is sometimes referred to as the "universal antioxidant," since it is soluble in both fat and water. Alpha lipoic acid has been used to restore liver health, treat diabetes-related neuropathy, radiation sickness and glaucoma, and confer protective benefits against oxidative processes involved in degenerative diseases and premature aging.

Although ALA was thought to be a vitamin when it was first discovered, subsequent research determined that it is created in the human body- and thus is not an essential nutrient. For this reason humans are not known to be deficient in ALA. The body makes small amounts of ALA. There is only limited knowledge about the food sources of this nutrient, however foods that contain mitochondria (a specialized component of cells), such as red meats, are believed to provide the most alpha lipoic acid.

ALA its known to be a critical enzyme in the energy production process in the cells. It is known to have cleansing properties and help prevent liver toxicity and lower elevated liver enzymes levels resulting from the use of anti-HIV drugs or hepatitis.

Side effects with ALA are rare but can include skin rash and the potential of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients. Individuals who may be deficient in vitamin B1 (such as alcoholics) should take vitamin B1 along with ALA supplements.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Androdiol is a naturally occurring androgen metabolite that is a direct precursor to testosterone. Key benefits of Androdiol are its ability to increase the feel of energy, enhance recovery and repair after exercise, heighten sexual arousal, and give a general sense of well-being.

There is a tremendous potential value of Androdiol as a bodybuilding supplement for two major reasons. First of all, it converts to testosterone via an entirely different enzyme (3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) than androstenedione. Secondly, the conversion appears to be much more efficient than that of androstenedione, perhaps up to three times greater.

Those taking Androdiol for a generally improved state of well-being or recuperation from exercise can take 100-200mg daily. Doses for intensely-training athletes range from 200-400mg a day in divided doses. Because Androdiol (androstenediol) and Androstene (androstenedione) are converted along entirely different enzymatic pathways, those using both products together would achieve optimal results.

Source:
1. lifelinknet.com

Androstenedione, also known as Androstene, a steroid hormone found in all animals, is a metabolite of DHEA that serves as a direct precursor in the biosynthesis of testosterone. In all mammals androstenedione is produced in the gonads and adrenal glands. The oral form of androstenedione is metabolized in the liver to testosterone in conjunction with a zinc-dependent enzyme.

Androstenedione, when taken orally, increases blood levels of testosterone. Secondary to this increase, effects are often seen such as increased energy, enhanced recovery, mental alertness, muscle growth, heightened sexual arousal and performance, as well as a greater sense of well-being.

Blood levels start rising about 15 minutes after oral administration and stay elevated for around 3 hours. A peak in blood testosterone levels is seen around 1 to 1.5 hours after ingestion. 100 mg of Androstene raise plasma levels from 211% to 337% of normal.

Androstenedione is sold as a nutritional supplement. It is found naturally in meats as well as in some plants. Like DHEA it is the key intermediate in the bio-synthesis of other biologically active steroid hormones.

If androstenedione is taken as directed, once a day prior to physical activity, the positive benefits can be had without any significant negative feedback response to your natural testosterone production.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

During cellular respiration ( the process that creates energy), some oxygen molecules are converted into oxidizing agents (also called "free radicals"), such as superoxides of hydrogen peroxide. These molecules are unstable and react with other compounds in an effort to become stabilized. The bodies "antioxidant" defense system works to gain this stability.

The environment is a source of free radicals. Such oxidizing agents include: ionizing radiation-(from industry, sun exposure, cosmic rays, and medical x-rays): ozone and nitrous oxide-(primarily from automobile exhaust): heavy metals-(such as mercury, cadmium, and lead): cigarette smoke- (both active and passive): alcohol; unsaturated fat-(may created a strain on the natural antioxidants of the body): and other chemicals and compounds from food, water and air. When these free radials enter the body, they can react with healthy tissue, setting off potentially damaging reactions. Free radicals are believed to play a role in more than sixty different health conditions, including the aging process, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Reducing exposure to free radicals and increasing intake of antioxidant nutrients can reduce the risk of free radical-related health problems. Antioxidants work in several ways: they may reduce the energy of the free radical, stop the free radical from forming in the first place, or interrupt an oxidizing chain reaction to minimize the damage of free radicals.

There are many ways to supplement the bodies antioxidant defense system. Building block nutrients such as manganese, zinc, copper for SOD and selenium for glutathioine peroxidase can be taken to augment the bodies supply of free radical-diffusing enzymes. Vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins B2, B3 (in the form of niacin), B-6, C, E, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, coenzyme Q10, cysteine (an amino acid) and herbs, such as bilberry, turmeric (curcumin), grape seed or pine bark extracts, and ginkgo biloba can also provide powerful antioxidant protection for the body.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Astragalus, also known as Huang Qi, is native to northern China and the elevated regions of the Chinese provinces Yunnan and Sichuan. The portion of the plant used medicinally is the four-to seven-year-old dried root collected on the spring. While there are over 2,000 types of astrlagus worldwide, the Chinese version has been extensively tested, both chemically ant pharmacologically.

Astragalus has been used in connection with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, chemotherapy support, the common cold/ sore throat, immune function, and various infections. Traditional Chinese medicine utilized this herb for night sweats, and deficiency of chi (e.g., fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite), and diarrhea.

Astragalus contains numerous components, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, triterpene glycosides (e.g., astragalosides I-VII), amino acids, and trace minerals. Preliminary test tube studies show that astragalus may help restore some immune activity in cancer patients. It has shown efficacy as a diuretic and treatment for congestive heart syndrome in animal studies.

Textbooks on Chinese herbs recommend taking 9-15 grams of the crude herb per day in decoction form. A decoction is made by boiling the root in water for a few minutes and then brewing the tea. Supplements typically contain 500 mg of astralagus. Two to three tablets or capsules or 3-5 ml of tincture three times per day are often recommended.

Astragalus has no known side effects when used as recommended.

Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes, Inc.

The B vitamins function as coenzymes to assist enzymes in implementing the tens of thousands of biochemical reactions and metabolic pathways that make life possible. The current list of B vitamins includes thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacinamide (B3), pantothenate (B5), pyrodoxine/pyridoxal (B-6), and cyanocobalamin (B12). In addition, biotin and folate are intimately involved in many of the same pathways, so are regarded as quasi-B vitamins. [PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) contributes to the folate molecule.] Certain B vitamins, particularly B2 and B3, are also important enzyme cofactors for the replenishment of antioxidants. The B vitamins are also involved in regulating tissue turnover, growth and renewal. Being water-soluble, the B vitamins tend to be cleared from the body rather rapidly, so ought to be replenished on a daily basis.

B-Complex maintains the nerves, skin, eyes, hair, liver, mouth, and muscle tone in stomach and intestines. It also helps activate energy production, and prevents depression and anxiety.

B-Complex can be found in several dosages: 25mg, 50mg, or 100mg. Most multivitamins contain at least 25mg of B-Complex per serving. Unless there is need for higher intake of B-Complex a multivitamin could be enough. And unless there is a established deficiency of a particular B vitamin, a B-Complex or multivitamin is sufficient.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Vitamin B-12, also known as Cobalamin, is needed for normal cell activity, DNA replication, and production of the mood-affecting substance called SAM (S-adenosyl methionine). Vitamin B-12 works with folic acid to control homocysteine levels. An excess of homocysteine, which is an amino acid (protein building block), dramatically increases the risk of heart disease and perhaps osteoporosis.

Vitamin B-12 is found in all foods of animal origin, including dairy, eggs, meat, fish, and poultry. Inconsistent but small amounts occur in seaweed (including spirulina) and tempeh.

B-12 supports the action of vitamin C, and is necessary for the proper digestion and absorption of foods, for protein synthesis, and for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Additionally, vitamin B-12 prevents nerve damage by contributing to the formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells.

People with malabsorption conditions suffer from vitamin B-12 deficiency. Individuals with pernicious anemia require high dosage supplementation of this vitamin. Other group of people likely to become deficient are vegans (vegetarians who also avoid dairy and eggs). It is important to keep present that vitamin B-12 deficiencies often occur without anemia.

When supplementing B-12 it cannot be easily stored in the body and must be replaced daily. Due to poor absorption in the stomach, B-12 is usually taken in sublingual or in injection form.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Vitamin B-6 is the master vitamin in the processing of amino acids- the building blocks of all proteins and some hormones. Vitamin B-6 helps to make and take apart many amino acids and is also needed to make serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine.

Vitamin B-6 also aids in the formation of red blood cells and several neurotransmitters and is therefore an essential nutrient in the regulation of mental processes and possibly mood. Good sources of vitamin B-6 are potatoes, bananas, raisin bran, lentils, liver, turkey, and tuna.

The suggestion that vitamin B-6 plays a role in cardiovascular health is consistent with epidemiological observations. Atherosclerosis is prevalent in developed countries where meat intake is high and diets are typically high in sulfur-containing amino acids and relatively low in vitamin B-6.

Patients are likely to have a deficiency of vitamin B-6 if they are alcoholics or have burns, diarrhea, heart disease, intestinal problems, liver disease, overactive thyroid, or are suffering the stress of long-term illness or serious injury. Patients on dialysis or who have their stomachs removed are also probably deficient in the vitamin.

Since vitamin B-6 increases the bioavailability of magnesium, these nutrients are sometimes taken together.

Source:
1. ©1995, A Consumer's Guide To Medicine In Food, pp. 97-98, Random House
2. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Beta-carotene, a substance from plants that the body can convert into vitamin A, acts as an antioxidants and immune system booster, and is used for HIV support. Vitamin A helps cells reproduce normally; this process is called differentiation. Cells that have not properly differentiated are more likely to undergo precancerous changes. Vitamin A, by maintaining healthy cell membranes, helps prevent invasion by disease-causing micro-organisms. Vitamin A also stimulates immunity and is needed for formation of bone, protein, and growth hormone. Other members of the antioxidant carotene family include cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, and lycopene, but most of them do not convert to significant amounts of vitamin A.

It is possible that natural Beta-carotene has activity that is distinct from the synthetic form. Studies show that synthetic beta-carotene does not duplicate the lung-cancer preventing attributes of beta-carotene-containing foods. In smokers, synthetic beta-carotene appears to have caused an increased risk of lung cancer in double-blind research. In supplements, the natural form can be identified by the phrases "from D salina," "from an algal source," or as "natural beta-carotene" on the label. The synthetic form will be identified as "beta-carotene." Dark green and orange-yellow vegetables are good sources of beta-carotene. Liver, dairy, and cod liver oil provide vitamin A. Vitamin A can also be found in vegetarian supplements.

Individuals who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods, and vegetables can develop a vitamin A deficiency. The earliest deficiency signs are poor night vision, dry skin, increased risk of infections, and metaplasia (a precancerous condition). Side effects of vitamin A are rare, but include headaches, dry skin, hair loss, fatigue, bone problems, and liver damage. Beta-carotene, however, causes no side effects. Beta-carotene should be supplemented with vitamin E if taken for a long period of time, because it may reduce vitamin E levels. Taking vitamin A and iron together helps overcome iron deficiency more effectively than iron supplements alone.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Biotin is a B vitamin that was originally identified in 1901. It is made by bacteria in the intestines and can be absorbed from there as well as from food sources.

Biotin is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and in the synthesis of fatty acids. It also helps incorporate amino acids into protein. It is also essential for cell growth and replication through its role in the manufacture of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, which make up the genetic material of the cell.

Biotin is absorbed in the small intestine and any excess is excreted in the urine. Normally, the amount of biotin excreted in the urine and feces is up to six times greater than the amount eaten in food due to the large quantities produced by gut bacteria.

Biotin supplements are used to treat some skin disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis, which in infants appears to be caused by a biotin deficiency. Supplements can be given directly to the infant or to the mother if she is breast-feeding. Biotin supplements may help improve blood glucose control in diabetics by enhancing insulin sensitivity and increasing the activity of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism. Biotin in high doses may also be useful in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Biotin can be used to treat frail, splitting or thin fingernails and to improve hair condition in cases where there is a deficiency.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Borage oil is from the seed of the borage plant, a wildflower that has been used for thousands of years. Referred to the Ancient Greeks as "Lingua bubula", it has been used in history to induce courage, joy, merriment, exhilaration, and making "the mind glad". It was also ground up into a poultice, and used to treat bruises and abrasions.

The oil is one of three major sources of GLA, the acronym for gamma-linolenic acid- a prostaglandin/eicosanoid precursor. Prostoglandins work much like hormones. GLA is similar in chemical structure to EPA, the active ingredient in fish oil. The prostaglandins created from GLA are identified as a factor in widening blood vessels and helping to keep blood platelets from sticking together, in the inhibition of cholesterol production, in circulation improvement, and in strengthening the immune system. GLA is part of the metabolic process that begins with linoleic acid, the most common dietary essential fatty acid, found in corn, soybean, sunflower, and many other common vegetable oils. To be converted to a prostoglandin, linoleic acid must be converter to GLA by enzymes.

Many aspects of one's lifestyle may reduce the efficiency of this conversion to GLA. These include saturated and trans-fatty acids, aging, stress, illness, alcohol abuse, diabetes, and premenstrual syndrome. GLA supplementation may bypass the negative effects of these enzyme blockers and may enhance prostaglandin formation.

Source:
1. ©1995, A Consumer' s Guide To Medicines In Food, pp. 126-127, Random House, Inc.
2. ©1997, Mother Nature's Herbal, p. 152, Llewellyn Publications

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a powerful antioxidant. Vitamin C is needed to make collagen, the "glue" that strengthens many parts of the body, such as muscles and blood vessels. Vitamin C also plays important roles in wound healing and as a natural antihistamine. This vitamin also aids in the formation of liver bile and helps to fight viruses and to detoxify alcohol and other substances.

Although vitamin C appears to have only a small effect in preventing the common cold, it reduces the duration and severity of a cold. Large amounts of Vitamin C (e.g., 1-8 grams daily) taken at the onset of a cold episode may shorten the duration of illness by up to 23%.

Vitamin C is found in broccoli, red peppers, currants, Brussels sprouts, parsley, rose hips, acerola berries, citrus fruit, and strawberries are great sources of vitamin C. Vitamin C has been used in connection with conditions such as bruising (only if deficiency), capillary fragility, common cold/ sore throat, glaucoma, infection, sperm agglutination for male infertility, scurvy, and HIV support.

Many nutritionally oriented doctors believe that most people consume less than optimal amounts. Easy bruising and bleeding gums are early signs of vitamin C deficiency. A daily amount of at least 500-1,000 mg per day is often recommended for this vitamin. Smokers have a lower level of vitamin C and require a higher daily intake.

High levels of vitamin C can deplete the body of copper; an essential nutrient. Some individuals also develop diarrhea.

Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes, Inc.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Of the two to three pounds of calcium contained in the average body, 99% is located in the bones and teeth. Calcium is needed to form bones and teeth and is also required for blood clotting, transmission of signals in nerve cells, and muscle contraction. The importance of calcium for preventing osteoporosis is probably its most well-known role. By reducing absorption of oxalate, a substance found in many foods, calcium may be able to indirectly reduce the risk of kidney stones. Some older research suggests that calcium may help lower cholesterol levels due to its fat-binding abilities in the gastrointestinal tract.

Most dietary calcium comes from dairy. Other good sources include sardines, canned salmon, green leafy vegetables, and tofu. Most, but not all, studies suggest that calcium citrate is better absorbed than calcium carbonate.

Calcium has been used in connection with osteoporosis and rickets (severe deficiency of both calcium and vitamin D in children). Vegans, people with dark skin, those who live in northern climates, and people who stay indoors most of the time are more likely to be vitamin D deficient.

For people ranging from nineteen to fifty, calcium intake is recommended to be 1,000 mg daily; for adults over age fifty-one the recommendation is 1,200 mg daily. Vitamin D is needed for calcium to absorb; therefore, nutritionally oriented doctors recommend taking a daily dose of 400 IU of vitamin D as well.

Constipation, bloating, and gas are sometimes reported with the use of calcium supplements.

Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes, Inc.

Chromium is an essential trace mineral that helps the body maintain normal blood sugar levels. It may also play a role in maintaining healthy levels of HDL (the "good" cholesterol). Chromium, in a form called chromium picolinate, has been studied for its potential role in altering body composition. Although preliminary research in animals and humans suggested that chromium picolinate increases fat loss and lean tissue gain, follow-up research in people has not confirmed chromium picolinate to have a significant effect in altering body composition.

The best source of chromium is through brewer's yeast. Nutritional or torula yeast do not contain significant amounts and are not substitutes. Chromium is also found in grains and cereals, although it is lacking when these foods are refined. Stainless steel scrapings from pots and pans provides much of the chromium in many people's diets. Some brands of beer contain significant amounts.

Chromium is used for conditions of athletic support, diabetes, high cholesterol, hypoglycemia, weight loss and obesity.

Most people eat less than the U.S. National Academy of Science's recommended range of 50-200 mcg per day. The high incidence of adult-onset diabetes suggests to many doctors of nutritional medicine that most people should be supplementing small amounts of chromium.

In supplemental doses, (typically 50-300 mcg per day), chromium has not been linked consistently with any toxicity in humans.

Preliminary research has found that vitamin C increases the absorption of chromium.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Battle HIV with CM4™

GOALS:
  - IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE
  - SLOW DISEASE PROGRESSION
  - EXTEND LIFE

1.) Block Viral Receptor Sites
Receptors on the surface of immune system cells, called cell-surface receptors, are used by HIV for attachment, thus enabling the virus to infect healthy cells. Research demonstrated that CM4 significantly reduces or inhibits attachment (or docking) by blocking these cell-surface receptors. Cell-surface receptors are critical for disease progression. Blocking or decreasing the attachment should result in slowing disease progression and reduce the number of new viruses produced by infected cells.

2.) Stimulate Reproduction of T- and B- Cells
*T-cells (T-lymphocytes) protect through cell-mediated immunity
*B-cells (B-lymphocytes) protect through production of antibodies
In a series of experiments to determine the influence of CM4 on the immune system, laboratory research demonstrated that CM4 causes an increase in the number of T-cells and B-cells. This effect of growth in the number of cells is referred to as mitogenesis. This mitosis generating (or mitogen) activity of CM4 on immune cells (T and B) works alone,without additional factors or co-factors. CM4 has been shown in laboratory cell cultures to cause spleen cells to increase in number by 50-fold. For example, 100 cells cultured in CM4 alone increase to approximately 5,000 cells. This mitogenic effect by CM4 could increase the number of T-cells and B-cells in HIV patients.

3.) Reduction of TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha)
TNF-α is a cell protein that increases in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and may predict and/or profile inflammatory disease progress. Increases in TNF-_ levels are linked to disease progression in HIV. CM4 is highly effective in reducing TNF-_ levels. This capacity of CM4 could limit or slow disease progression in HIV.

4.) Anti Viral
CM4 tested to be moderately anti-viral in laboratory research. This finding was proven in HIV clinical studies on humans. CM4,in combination with spleen-derived peptides, cleared leukoplakia (an abnormal condition in which thickened white patches of skin cells occur on the mucous membranes, as of the mouth, that is associated with Epstein-Barr virus and HIV infection) and genital warts (caused by human papilloma virus).

5.) Heat Shock Proteins
CM4 demonstrated a marked increase (up to 300-fold) in expression of heat shock proteins (hsp's). Heat shock proteins are very protective generally to the human immune system. HIV compromises the immune system, and the action of heat shock proteins is highly important in defending against immune assault.


These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration. The product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Coenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10), also known as Ubiquinone, is a powerful antioxidant that protects the body from free radicals. It is found in high concentrations in heart muscle, the liver, and the gums. Isolated in its pure form in 1957, researchers found it to be an essential substance involved in cell respiration, electron transfer, and the control of oxidation reactions.

Although Co-Q10 is beneficial in many health aspects, its primary nutritional use is to support energy metabolism. The heart has very high energy demands and very high concentrations of Co-Q10. Extensive Japanese research has shown Co-Q10 to be an effective dietary supplement with diverse cardiovascular benefits. Co-Q10 may also be effective in maintaining healthy blood pressure. The role of Co-Q10 in energy formation also relates to how the body uses carbohydrates. Preliminary research suggests that a close relative of this nutrients lowered blood sugar levels in a group of diabetics.

Co-Q10 is used for conditions dealing with congestive heart failure, heart arrhythmia's, Angina, HIV support, Alzheimer's disease, and moderates immunity and blood pressure. Preliminary research suggests that women with a high risk of breast cancer recurrence show evidence of protection when given high (390 mg per day) levels of coenzyme 10 for up to five years, due to Co-Q10's immunity support.

Co-Q10 is primarily found in fish and meat. Some research supports idea that oil-based suspension of Co-Q10 absorbs better than forms that lack oils.

Although Co-Q10 is extremely safe and without side effects, it is recommended that all individuals with heart diseases consult with their physician or health care practitioner prior to use. Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes,Inc.

Creatine (creatine monohydrate), a natural by-product of the liver, kidneys and pancreas, assists in the production of energy and muscle building processes. Most of the creatine in the body is stored in the muscles as creatine or in a form called phosphocreatine. Creatine is a quickly available energy source for muscle contraction. It also increases the synthesis of muscle protein and assists in the formation of polyamines (powerful growth promoters). Creatine also promotes protein synthesis.

Creatine is normally synthesized from the amino acids Arginine and Glycine for storage in the major skeletal muscles (including the heart). After oral administration, creatine is absorbed in skeletal muscle fibers where it is converted into Creatine Phosphate, a high energy substrate that assists in the contraction of myofibrils (muscle fibers). Creatine Monohydrate is structurally more stable than the Creatine Phosphate form and is preferred for oral ingestion and absorption.

Creatine Monohydrate is used for many reasons. First, creatine increases the work capacity and muscle stores of creatine for short-term energy in muscles. Creatine is also a source of super-fast energy and reduces exercise fatigue by absorbing hydrogen ions that dissociate from lactic acid, which reduces "muscle burn". Creatine also increases muscle cell volume. Creatine may also have other health benefits in people with compromised energy production.

Creatine Monohydrate can have a cell volume-enhancing effect in muscles, increasing cellular water content, an effect vital to protein synthesis and flexibility. By changing the volume of the cell you also affect the rate of glycogen synthesis which has a direct metabolic effect. For maximum results it is important to drink plenty of fluids to keep hydrated. Creatine may enhance the effects of other muscle-enhancing nutrients, such as whey protein, glutamine, and amino acids.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

The vast majority of turmeric comes from India. Turmeric is one of the key ingredients in many curries, giving them color and flavor. The root and rhizome (underground stem) are used medicinally. Turmeric can be supportive for conditions such as atherosclerosis, bursitis, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis.

In Ayurvedic medicine ( the traditional medicine of India) many different species similar to turmeric are used. It was prescribed for treatment of many conditions, including poor vision, rheumatic pains, coughs, and to increase milk production. Native peoples of the Pacific sprinkled the dust on their shoulders during ceremonial dances, as well as using it for numerous medical problems ranging from constipation to skin diseases. It was used for numerous intestinal infections and ailments in Southeast Asia.

The active constituent is known as curcumin. It has been shown to have a wide range of therapeutic effects. First, it protects against free radical damage because it is a strong antioxidant. Second, it reduces inflammation. It accomplishes this by reducing histamine levels and possibly by increasing production of natural cortisone by the adrenal glands. Third, it protects the liver from a number of toxic compounds. Fourth, it has been shown to reduce platelets from clumping together, which, in turn, improves circulation and helps protect against atherosclerosis. There are also numerous studies showing a cancer-preventing effect of curcumin. This may be due to its powerful antioxidant activity in the body.

Many people take 400 mg of curcumin three times per day in capsules or tablets Tincture can be used in the amount of 0.5-1.5 ml, three times per day. Curcumin as a spice can be included in the diet to promote health. Curcumin is extremely safe. However, persons with symptoms of gallstones should avoid turmeric.

Source:
1. 1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone), is a natural metabolite of cholesterol with a wide range of beneficial activities. DHEA is the most dominant hormone in the body, and serves as a precursor to other important hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, and corticosterone. It has shown a usefulness in increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat by helping the individual with increased energy levels to perform better at the gym or at physical activities. DHEA is often referred to as the "Mother Hormone" because our body can convert it upon demand into a host of other necessary health-enhancing hormones. The body will naturally produce plenty of DHEA until the mid-20's, then production will begin to slow, making it one of the most reliable markers for measuring biological aging. By age 80 DHEA blood levels decline as much as 95%, signaling the onset of the aging process.

DHEA is primarily more effective in men and women older than 45 or 50. In women it can help to keep estrogen levels up, which decline in middle age.

More than just a precursor for the synthesis of other hormones, scientists have also identified specific body cells designed to bind to DHEA. This receptor function indicates that DHEA plays a far more direct role in human health than was previously recognized. There have been over 2,500 published papers documenting DHEA's multiple benefits, but the most recent paper studied the quality of life enhancing effect of this natural hormone: "DHEA will improve the quality of life over a longer period and will postpone some of the unpleasant side effects of aging, such as fatigue and muscle weakness." The report also stated that those patients receiving DHEA supplements slept better, had more energy and were better equipped to handle stress compared to the placebo group.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Vitamin E, (also called alpha-tocopherol) is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes and other fat-soluble parts of the body, such as LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol). Protection of LDL cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. Vitamin E also helps promote normal growth and development, acts as an anti-blood clotting agent, protects tissue against oxidation, and promotes normal red-blood-cell formation.

The names of all types of vitamin E begin with either "d" or "dl," which refer to differences in chemical structure. The "d" form is natural and "dl" synthetic. The natural form is more active. More synthetic vitamin E is added to supplements to compensate for the low level of activity. Most doctors of natural medicine advise people to use only the natural ("d") form of vitamin E. After the "d" or "dl" designation, often the Greek letter "alpha" appears, which also describes the structure. Synthetic "dl" vitamin E is found only in the alpha form- as in "dl-alpha tocopherol." Natural vitamin E can be found either as alpha- as in "d-alpha tocopherol"- or in combination with beta, gamma, and delta- this combination is labeled "mixed" (as in mixed tocopherols).

Vitamin E forms are listed as either "tocopherol" or "tocopheryl" followed by the name of what is attached to is, as in "Tocopheryl acetate." There is no great difference between the two, but tocopherol may absorb a little better, while tocopheryl forms may have slightly better shelf life. Both forms are active when taken by mouth. However, the skin can not utilize the tocopheryl forms, so for those planning to apply vitamin E to the skin it makes sense to buy tocopherol. In health food stores, the most common forms of vitamin E are d-alpha tocopherol and d-alpha tocopheryl (acetate or succinate). Both of these d (natural) alpha forms are frequently recommended by doctors of natural medicine.

Vitamin E is found in wheat germ oil, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, whole grains, egg yolks, and leafy green vegetables. However, the high levels found in supplements are not obtainable from eating food.

Related to the Asteraceae (sunflower) plant family, Echinacea has been widely used by Native Americans, particularly the Plain Indians, for hundreds of years as an antiseptic, an analgesic, and for the treatment of snakebites. Echinacea is also used by herbalists and alternative health care providers to boost the immune system, help speed wound healing, reduce inflammations, treat colds and flu, and fight infections.

A growing collection of scientific evidence supports echinacea's important contribution to stimulating the immune system. Researchers have found that echinacea's immune-stimulating properties are due to a rich host of polysaccharides and phytosterols unique to this plant. Most Americans use of this herb has been with fresh Echinacea angustifolia, while European research has been conducted with the fresh Echinacea purpurea.

Scientists have found that Echinacea helps to activate macrophages called properdin, which are key immune system cells that are directly involved in the destruction of bacteria, viruses, other infectious agents and cancer cells. Macrophages produce much of their lethal effect by generating free oxygen radicals as well as producing a key protein called Interleukin-1. The echinacea polysaccharide seem not to have any effect on T-lymphocytes (involved in cellular immunity) and only a modest effect on B-lymphocytes (involved in humoral immunity-making antibodies). Echinacea enhances natural killer cell activity, another important component in the immune system.

Echinacea is recommended for use periodically for one or two weeks at a time, rather than continuously, because the body seems to become accustomed to it and it losses its effectiveness.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Evening primrose has a long history as a wild edible plant and has served as food and medicine for Native Americans and Europeans. The Cherokee drank evening primrose tea as a slimming tonic and used the hot root externally as a hemorrhoid remedy. At the turn of the century, it was occasionally used for digestive problems and frequent urination.

Evening Primrose Oil is derived from plant sources and contains high amounts of Essential Fatty Acids, which the body cannot produce alone. These acids are converted by the body into GLA (Gamma Linolenic Acid), which is a building block for prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormones which help regulate the immune system and can only be produced when adequate Essential Fatty Acids are present. Prostaglandins serve as regulators of metabolism, cell growth and reproduction.

GLA is a critical nutrient necessary to prevent hardening of the arteries, heart disease, PMS, multiple sclerosis, and high blood pressure. GLA aids in lowering cholesterol levels, helps regulate the production of the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone, and is important in treating cirrhosis of the liver. Women suffering from breast cancer that is estrogen related should avoid or limit their intake of evening primrose oil.

Evening primrose oil helps mitigate menopausal problems and may be recommended for chronic inflammatory conditions, including excema, hay fever, asthma, and arthritis. In Britain, herbal practitioners use evening primrose oil for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.
2. ©1993, The Women's Book of Healing Herbs, p. 51, St. Martin's Press

Fish oils, also known as marine oils, are lipids found in fish, particularly cold water fish, and other marine life such as phytoplankton. These oils are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids known as EPA and DHA, of the omega-3 type.

Fish oils may primarily be indicated to lower triglyceride levels. Another important indication may be to prevent death in those who have suffered myocardial infractions. Fish oils are used to decrease clotting tendencies of the blood. They may also be indicated for lowering blood pressure, and for alleviating some of the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

Fish oil supplements should be used by children, pregnant women and nursing mothers only if recommended and monitored by a physician. Because of the possible anti-thrombotic effect of this supplement, hemophiliacs should exercise caution in their use. Fish oil should be stopped before any surgical procedure. Caution should also be exercised by those under glycemic control and glucose intolerance including type-2 diabetics.

Interactions may occur between fish oil supplements and aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and herbs.

Source:
1. PDR For Nutritional Supplements, First Edition

A slender, flower-bearing plant, flax has been cultivated since at least 5000 B.C. The health benefits of its seeds have been known for almost as long. Flaxseed has been found in Egyptian tombs, and the eight-century French king Charlemagne passed laws requiring his subjects to eat the seeds to stay healthy.

Today, flaxseed is used mostly as a safe, natural remedy for constipation. The seeds contain mucilage, a gummy type of fiber that absorbs a large amount of fluid in the bowel. This makes the seeds swell, adding bulk to the stool.

In theory, flaxseed should be useful in the same conditions for which fish oil is used. It does appear to lower triglycerides, and may protect against heart disease. Its anti-inflammatory activity has yet to be proven, though researchers remain hopeful. In general, flaxseed oil appears to be a good replacement for fish oil for people with elevated cholesterol levels.

Flaxseed may also be helpful in healing excema because it is rich in essential fatty acids, which can help prevent excema rashes.

Flaxseed oil can be used on salads and vegetables. It goes rancid quickly, so refrigeration is necessary. It is also available in capsule form.

Take two teaspoons of flaxseed oil or one or two teaspoons of crushed flaxseed every day. To avoid gas, cramps, or bloating, drink eight full glasses of water a day. Flaxseed, if taken for excema, will produce noticeable results around three months of dosage.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.
2. ©1993, The Women's Book of Healing Herbs, pp. 216,224,228, St. Martin's Press

Folic acid (vitamin B-9) is also called folate, pteroyglutamic acid, and folacin. It is known support conditions of HIV support, promoting normal red-blood-cell formation; maintaining the nervous system, intestinal tract, sex organs, white blood cells, normal patterns of growth; regulating embryonic and fetal development of nerve cells; and treating anemias due to folic-acid deficiency occurring from alcoholism, liver disease, hemolytic anemia, sprue, pregnancy, breast-feeding, and oral-contraceptive use.

Folic acid can be found in many natural sources. Barley, beans, liver, green leaf vegetables, oranges, rice, sprouts, and wheat all contain folic acid.

Anyone with inadequate caloric or nutritional dietary intake or increased nutritional requirements need additional amounts of folic acid. Additional amounts of folic acid are needed by people over 55 years of age; pregnant or breast-feeding women, women who use oral contraceptives; people who abuse alcohol or other drugs; people with a chronic wasting illness, excess stress for long periods or those who have recently undergone surgery; people with severe burns or injuries, young infants not receiving breast milk or fortified commercial formula; those with a portion of the gastrointestinal tract removed, and extremely ill people who must be fed intravenously or by nasa-gastric tube.

Deficiency symptoms of folic acid include irritability, weakness, lack of energy, sleeping difficulties, forgetfulness, and diarrhea.

You are not supposed to take folic acid if you have pernicious anemia, or take anti-convulsant medication. If you have pernicious anemia, folic acid will make the blood appear normal, but neurological problems may progress and be irreversible .

Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes, Inc.

Garlic is a member of the lily family closely related to onions and leeks. Garlic has been cultivated for thousands of years for its therapeutic benefits by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Indians and Chinese. Primary use of garlic was as a treatment for tumors, headaches, weakness and fatigue, wounds, sores and infections. It was regarded as a physically enhancing tonic, and was used by the first Olympic athletes as an energizer.

The scientific community has long respected garlic for its impressive therapeutic activity. Researchers have demonstrated that garlic helps protect against heart disease, cancer, aids the immune system and has remarkable antibiotic effects. Garlic juice and its constituents can slow or kill more than sixty fungi and twenty bacteria types.

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), may find some added benefit by taking garlic to increase resistance to secondary infections from bacteria and yeast. In test tube studies, garlic and some of its sulfur compounds are emerging as promising antiviral substances. These studies show that garlic inhibits the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), cytomegalovirus ( which can cause lung problems).

In another study, two sets of patients suffering with coronary-artery disease were enlisted in a ten-month study. Those who received garlic had steadily declining levels of lipoproteins associated with heart disease, while the group that didn't get garlic showed no decline in these lipoproteins.Various sulfur compounds contained in garlic appear to account for this favorable effect in cardiovascular health. Some of these are known to have significant impact on the biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids.

Source:
1. ©1996, Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health, p. 104, Prima Publishing

Ginger is a perenial plant that grows in India, China, Mexico, and several other countries. The rhizome (the underground stem) is used.

Traditional Chinese medicine has recommended ginger for over 2,500 years. It is used for abdominal bloating, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, and rheumatism. Ginger is commonly used in the Ayurvedic and Tibb systems of medicine for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, such as arthritis.

The dried rhizome of ginger contains approximately 1-4% volitile oils. These are the medically active constituents of ginger, and they are also responsible for gingers characteristic odor and taste.

Ginger is a classic tonic for the digestive tract. Classified as an aromatic bitter, it stimulates digestion. It also keeps the intestinal muscles toned. Research is inconclusive as to how ginger acts to alleviate nausea. Ginger may act directly on the gastrointestinal system or it may affect the part of the central nervous system that causes nausea. Ginger also supports a healthy cardiovascular system. Like garlic, ginger makes blood platelets less sticky and less likely to aggregate, although not all human research has confirmed this.

Side effects of ginger are rare when used as recommended. However, some people may be sensitive to the taste or may experience heartburn. Persons with a history of gallstones should consult a nutritionally oriented doctor before using ginger. Short term use of ginger for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy appears to pose no safety problems. However, long-term use during pregnancy is not recommended. A doctor should be informed if ginger is used before surgery. Do not use ginger if you are taking anticoagulant drugs.

Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes, Inc.

Ginkgo Biloba is an increasingly popular herb that comes from the Ginkgo tree, one of the world's oldest living tree species, dating back over 300 million years. In China individual trees have been known to live for over 1,000 years. In China extracts of the fruit and leaves have been used for over 5,000 years to treat lung ailments such as asthma and bronchitis, and as a remedy for cardiovascular diseases.

Recently, western researchers have been studying ginkgo biloba as a treatment for senility, hardening of the arteries, and as a treatment for oxygen deprivation. More than 34 human studies on ginkgo have been published since 1975, showing, among other things, that ginkgo can increase the body's production of the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate, commonly called ATP. This activity has shown to boost the brain's energy metabolism of glucose and increase electrical activity.Ginkgo is also especially effective for improving mental acuity in the elderly.

Scientists also discovered that ginkgo contains an abundance of useful compounds including the antioxidants vitamin C and carotenoids, but it is the flavonoid compound collectively known as "ginkgolides" that are the most remarkable. The ginkgo flavonoids act specifically to dilate the smallest segment of the circulatory system, the micro-capillaries, which has a widespread effect on the organs, specifically the brain. Researchers have also reported that ginkgo extracts effectively increase blood circulation and increase oxygen levels in brain tissue. Ginkgo is also a powerful antioxidant that prevents platelet aggregation inside arterial walls, keeping them flexible and decreasing the formation of arteriosclerositic plaque. German researchers found that treatment with ginkgo extracts improved circulation to the extremities and made it possible for patients with artherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease to walk further with much less pain.

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1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Siberian Ginseng, also named Eleuthero, is a slender, thorny shrub native to the taiga forests of the Far East ( Southeastern part of Russia, northern China, Korea, and Japan). Medicinal preparations of the plant are made largely from the root. It dates back to 2,000 years in Chinese medicine, where it has been used to prevent respiratory tract infections, as well as colds and flu. The Chinese also believed ginseng provided energy and vitality.

Acting on a wide range of body functions, ginseng has a remarkable ability to increase the body's resistance to stress and provide an impetus to move toward a state of balance. It prevents stress by providing fuel to stress-fighting adrenal glands. Ginseng also enhances mental performance, physical performance, and antitoxin actions free from the side effects of caffeinated products.

Ginseng also increases important components of the immune system known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes act as the body's primary defense against viral infection and have become a focus of study, particularly with regard to HIV infection. Ginseng increases the activity and number of T lymphocytes. The most significant increase is in the subset of T lymphocytes known as helper/ inducer or CD4 cells. CD4 cells are a major target of HIV and decrease in number significantly following HIV infection and the progression to AIDS. Ginseng, in combination with a polypeptide extract from spleen, is being studied in the United States and Africa for potential use against HIV infection. Preliminary results indicate that this combination may slow the progression of the disease. It has also shown promise in reversing some of the weight loss noticed in AIDS patients with wasting syndrome.

Source:
1. ©1995, Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health, pp. 72,74,76, Prima Publishing

Glucosamine provides the joints with the building blocks they need to repair damage caused by osteoarthritis or injuries. Specifically, glucosamine provides the raw material needed by the body to manufacture a mucopolysaccharide found in cartilage. Glucosamine has been used in connection with Osteoarthritis, kidney stones, and may also play a role in wound healing.

Glucosamine does not appear in significant amounts in most diets. Supplemental sources are derived from sea shells, and does not appear in significant amounts in most diets.

There is no need for people other than those with osteoarthritis to routinely supplement with glucosamine. People with osteoarthritis should take 500 mg three times per day.

At the amount most frequently taken by adults- 500 mg three times per day- toxicity has not been reported. Some glucosamine is processed with sodium chloride (table salt), which is restricted in some diets (particularly people with high blood pressure).

The hypothesis that glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate work synergistically in the support of osteoarthritis remains unproven. The fact that they are structurally similar suggests that they may act in similar ways.

Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes, Inc.

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body. The majority of it is stored within the skeletal muscles, although significant amounts are also found in the blood, lungs, liver, and brain.

Glutamine is essential for building muscle. Following intense training, plasma glutamine levels drop and can take as many as six days to recover. Glutamine is fast becoming recognized as a critical component for the building and maintenance of muscle. Research indicates that glutamine increases protein synthesis, is crucial for the transport of nitrogen into your muscles, and can actually volumize existing muscle. Glutamine has been demonstrated to be essential for driving protein and carbohydrates into muscle cells, and for the elimination of ammonia which is toxic to your muscle tissue.

Glutamine is essential in reducing lactic acid build-up as well. During glycolysis, one of the body's energy-producing pathways, glucose and glycogen are "burned" for energy. One of the by-products of this pathway is lactic acid. This acid builds up within the muscle cells until the muscles can no longer contract. After exercise, the lactic acid slowly seeps out of the muscles and into the bloodstream, where it is eventually neutralized.

Glutamine also improves an athlete's immune system. Strenuous exercise can tax the immune system. After strenuous exercise, there is a drop in the number of lymphcites (white blood cells), which are dependent on glutamine for optimal growth. This, along with other changes in the immune system, is considered to be the cause of the increased frequency of illness among athletes. Glutamine supplements can help strengthen the immune system, thus reducing the athletes chances of getting sick. Glutamine also acts as a precursor of glutathione, which is an antioxidant involved in many cellular functions.

Source:
1. ©Sept. 1997, Sports Nutrition Update,"Lets Live", pp.71-72

Glutathione is an antioxidant involved in many cellular functions such as detoxification, amino acid transport, production of coenzymes and recycling of vitamins E and C. By serving as a critical nucleophilis scavenger, glutathione blocks free radical damage to all types of tissues. Glutathione protects against damage from cigarette smoking and radiation, helps reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and x-rays, and combats alcohol poisoning. Glutathione is required for virtually all liver detoxification processes, including the detoxification of drugs.

Research has shown that higher glutathione levels correlate with increased survival in people who are HIV+. Unfortunately, research has also shown that cellular levels of glutathione go downhill as HIV disease progresses and that levels in plasma, lung fluid, and T cells are frequently deficient, even in very early disease stages. Proper Glutathione levels are critical to immune function because it is the most important intracellular water-soluble antioxidant. It may also help restore the function of T cells, reduce the wasting often seen in later stages, and prevent apoptosis. Several researchers have strongly suggested that glutathione replacement therapy may be effective in slowing disease progression and delaying development of opportunistic infections.

Heavy metals and many toxins are fat-soluble. The substance converts fat-soluble toxins into water-soluble form. They are then more efficiently excreted via the kidneys. Glutathione can be protected by methionine and cysteine, into which methionine is converted, when the load of toxins in the liver are high.

Source:
1. 1999, Jarrow Formulas^TM
2. ©1995,Dr. Whitakers Guide to Natural Healing, p.83, Prima Publishing Inc.
3. ©1990, Prescriptions for Nutritional Healing, p.29, Avery Publishing Group, Inc.
4. Lands, Lark: Positively Well: Living with HIV as a Chronic, Manageable, Survivable Disease

Goldenseal is native to eastern North America and is cultivated in Oregon and Washington. It is being seriously threatened by over-harvesting in the wild. The dried root and rhizome (the underground stem) are used.

Goldenseal was used by the Native Americans as a treatment for irritations and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts. It was commonly used topically for skin and eye infections, and vaginal infections. Goldenseal is often recommended in combination with Echinacea for the treatment of colds and flu. Goldenseal was considered a critical remedy for stomach and intestinal problems of all kinds by turn-of-the-century physicians called the Eclectics.

The two primary alkaloids in goldenseal are hydrastine and berberine, along with smaller amounts of canadine. Little research has been done with goldenseal itself. Due to environmental concerns of overharvesting, many herbalists recommend alternatives to goldenseal, such as Oregon grape or goldenthread.

Taken as recommended, goldenseal is generally safe. However, as with all alkaloid-containing plants, high amounts may lead to gastrointestinal distress and possible nervous system effects. Goldenseal is not a substitute for antibiotics.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Grape Seed Extract (along with Pycnogenol, an extract derived from maritime pine bark) is an important source of one of nature's most potent antioxidants, the proanthocyanidins. These nutritionally valuable substances have been utilized to treat deteriorating diseases and conditions with great success. Research has shown that proanthocyanidins (bioflavonoids) serve as anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, antiallergenics, and are major free radical scavengers. The proanthocyanidins possess up to 50 times stronger antioxidant activity than vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene or Selenium.

Proanthocyanidins also help promote tissue elasticity, help heal injuries, reduce swelling and edema, restore collagen and improve peripheral circulation. Proanthocyanidins also prevent bruising, strengthen weak blood vessels, protect against atherosclerosis, and reduce histamine production.

For years, those who could afford the high price of pycnogenol supplements derived significant antioxidant protection against free radicals. Pycnogenol, which is derived from pine bark, contains 85% proanthocyanidin. Grape seed extract contains 95% proanthocyanidin and is far more affordable than pycnogenol.

Flavonoids, in general, and proanthocyanidins, specifically, are free of side effects. Since they are water-soluble nutrients, excess intake is is simply excreted in the urine.

Proanthocyanidins as antioxidants may have a sparing effect on the body's stores of vitamin C.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Iron is part of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying component of the blood. Iron-deficient people tire easily, because their bodies are starved for oxygen. Iron is also part of myoglobin, which helps muscle cells store oxygen. Without enough iron, ATP (the fuel the body runs on) cannot be properly synthesized. As a result, some iron-deficient people become fatigued even when their hemoglobin levels are normal. Although iron is part of the antioxidant enzyme catalase, iron is not generally considered an antioxidant, because too much iron can cause oxidative damage.

The most absorbable form of iron, called "heme" iron, is found in oysters, meat, poultry, and fish. Non-heme iron is also found in these foods, as well as in dried fruit, molasses, leafy green vegetables, and wine. Acidic foods (such as tomato sauce) cooked in an iron pan can also be a source of dietary iron.

Iron has been used in connection with Crohn's disease, depression, iron deficiency anemia, HIV support, and heavy menstruation.

Vegetarians eat less iron than no-vegetarians, and the iron they eat is somewhat less absorbable. As a result, vegetarians are more likely to have reduced iron stores. Pregnant women, marathon runners, people who take aspirin, and those who have parasitic infections, hemorrhoids, ulcers, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or other conditions that cause blood loss or malabsorption are likely to become deficient. Huge overdoses of Iron can be fatal. Keep iron-containing supplements out of a child's reach. Hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, polycythemia, and iron-loading anemias are conditions involving excessive storage of iron. Supplementing iron can be quite dangerous for people with these diseases. Iron in supplemental dosages can cause constipation. Caffeine, high fiber foods, and calcium supplements reduce iron absorption. Vitamins C increases iron absorption slightly, and vitamin A helps the body use iron stored in the liver.

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1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Kava (Piper methysticum) is a member of the pepper family and is native to many Pacific Islands. The rhizome (underground stem) is used.

A nonalcoholic drink made from the root of kava played an important role in a variety of ceremonies in the Pacific Islands, including welcoming visiting royalty, at meetings of village elders, or as part of social gatherings. Kava was valued both for its mellowing effects and to encourage socializing. It was also noted for initializing a state of contentment, a greater sense of well-being, and enhanced mental acuity, memory, and sensory perception. Kava has also been used traditionally to treat pain.

The kava-lactones, sometimes referred to as kava-pyrones, are important active constituents in kava herbal extracts. Kava-lactones have anti-anxiety, mild analgesic (pain-relieving), muscle-relaxing, and anticonvulsant effects. Some researchers speculate that kava may directly influence the limbic system, the ancient part of the brain associated with emotions and other brain activities.

Many people take kava extracts supplying 200-250 mg of kava-lactones per day in two or three divided doses. At these doses, kava is not addictive.

In recommended amounts, the only reported side effect from kava is mild gastrointestinal disturbances in some people. Long-term consumption of very high doses of kava may turn the skin yellow temporarily. If this occurs, people should simply discontinue kava use. In rare cases, an allergic skin reaction, such as a rash, may occur. Kava is not recommended for use by pregnant or lactating women. It should not be taken together with other substances that also act on the central nervous system, such as alcohol, barbiturates, antidepressants, and anti-psychotic drugs. One study found that it was safe to drive after taking kava at the doses listed above.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Klamath Lake blue-green algae is used as a dietary supplement. A certain mystique has evolved concerning this wild fresh water algae growing in Klamath Lake. Multi-level marketing companies have started this trend by promoting this particular algae as being superior to all other green phyto-foods. The secret seems to be in the rapid absorption and assimilation of vital minerals, vitamins, protein, and chlorophyl that Klamath Lake blue-green algae's soft cell wall provides.

Klamath Lake is a pristine, mineral-rich water in the upper Oregon Cascades. During summer months, the algae called Aphanizomenon FlosAquae, reproduces itself every few days, creating a massive bloom that is harvested daily fresh on the lake. Blue-green algae is screened, freeze-dried and powdered ready for encapsulation or tableting. There is usually no heat used in processing and the algae is tested to assure negative microbial and toxin levels.

Klamath Lake blue-green algae is a potent strain of algae which is consumed religiously by consumers worldwide. Amazing, unsolicited testimonials have been received after even short term use. One reason may be that blue-green algae contains 3-5 % chlorophyll, the highest known level in any plant or algae. It typically contains 60 % protein and is an excellent source of balanced vitamins, minerals, trace elements, enzymes, and amino acids. It is also one of the few vegetarian sources of vitamin B-12.

Source:
1. ©1999, MoreDesign with Les, Inc.

L-Carnitine is essential for fat burning and hence weight loss. Carnitine also enhances the properties of antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E.

Carnitine is the forklift that takes fat to the fat incinerators in our cells' mitochondria. Unless fat makes it into the mitochondria, you cannot burn it off no matter what you do, and no matter how well you diet. This is why carnitine is so crucial for weight loss. It is most often the missing link in our fat burning machinery.

L-Carnitine becomes essential for anyone on a low carbohydrate diet. Without carnitine, low carbohydrate diets can lead to fatigue and food cravings. Carnitine helps the body burn fat, thus giving the body the cellular energy it wants.

L-Carnitine is a tremendous heart-helper. The heart gets two thirds of its energy from burning fat, and carnitine helps fuel this cardiac engine. L-carnitine is a favorite nutrient of athletes. It enhances aerobic performance, allowing one to exercise longer without fatigue.

Carnitine is not a stimulant, but gives an even, natural energy by enhancing the body's own energy-producing processes. If you have any health conditions, make sure to take all supplementation under the guidance of your physician.

Source:
1. ©October 1996, Total Health, p.31

Lysine is an essential amino acid needed for growth and to help maintain nitrogen balance in the body. Essential amino acids cannot be made in the body and must be supplied by diet or supplements. Lysine appears to help the body absorb and conserve calcium.

Lysine works with other essential amino acids to maintain growth, lean body mass, and maintenance of the body's store of nitrogen.L-lysine is also used in a therapy to treat the herpes virus. In order for the herpes virus to reproduce, it needs an amino acid called arginine. Lysine and arginine look similar to the virus. So the virus incorporates L-lysine instead of arginine. This blocks the steps in the development of the herpes virus which requires arginine. The result is that the virus will not become reactivated.

Brewer's yeast, legumes, dairy, wheat germ, fish, and meat all contain significant amounts of lysine. Lysine has been used in connection with herpes simplex/ cold sores.

Most people, including vegans, consume adequate amounts of lysine. Athletes involved in frequent vigorous exercise have increased need for essential amino acids, although most diets meet these increased needs. Most people do not require lysine supplementation.

In animals, high doses of lysine have been linked to increased risk of gallstones and elevated cholesterol. At supplemental doses, problems have not been reported in humans.

Source:
1. ©1995, Dr.Whitaker's Guide to Natural Healing, p.269, Prima Publishing
2. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Methionine is one of the essential amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. It supplies sulfur and other compounds required by the body for normal metabolism and growth. Methionine also belongs to a group of compounds called lipotropics; others in this group include choline, inositol, and betaine. Methionine helps prevent excessive fat accumulation in the liver. It is also one of the three amino acids needed by the body to manufacture creatine monohydratea compound essential for energy production and muscle building. Meat, fish, and dairy are all good sources of methionine.

Methionine has been used in connection with conditions dealing with liver support. Most people consume plenty of methionine through a typical diet; average-size adults require approximately 800-1,00 mg of methionine per day. Most Western diets exceed this. Children, pregnant or breast-feeding women who are vegan vegetarians would need additional amounts though.

It has been hypothesized that diets high in methionine, in the presence of B vitamin deficiencies, may increase the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) by increasing blood levels of cholesterol and a compound called homocysteine. This concept has been proven in humans.

Excessive methionine intake, in the presence of inadequate intake of folic acid, vitamin B-6 and vitamin B12, can increase the conversion of methionine to homocysteine. You should not take methionine if you are allergic to any food protien, such as eggs, milk, or wheat, or if you are at risk of poor nutrition for any reason.

Sources:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.
2. Thrive@health.com

Magnesium is needed for bone, protein, and fatty acid formation, making new cells, activating B vitamins, relaxing muscles, clotting blood, and forming ATP- the energy the body runs on. Insulin secretion and function also requires magnesium.

Nuts and grains are good sources of magnesium. Beans, dark green vegetables, fish, and meat also contain significant amounts. Magnesium has been used in connection with congestive heart failure, diabetes, and mitral valve prolapse.

Magnesium deficiency is common in people taking "potassium-depleting" prescription drugs. Taking too many laxatives can also lead to deficiency. Alcoholism, severe burns, diabetes, and heart failure are other potential causes of deficiency. Fatigue, abnormal heart rhythms, muscle weakness and spasm, depression, loss of appetite, listlessness, and potassium depletion can all result from a magnesium deficiency. Most adults don't consume the recommended intake of 250-350 mg of magnesium per day.

Vitamin B-6 increases the amount of magnesium that can enter cells. As a result, these two nutrients are often taken together. Magnesium may compete for absorption with other minerals, particularly calcium. Taking a multi-mineral supplement avoids this potential problem.

Cal-Mag is a high potency calcium and magnesium supplement which is used to reduce stress. It is fortified with a full spectrum of B-vitamins and vitamin C. These tablets are formulated to disintegrate within 30 minutes under normal body conditions.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Melatonin is a natural hormone that regulates the human biological clock; it facilitates sleep by shortening the time it takes to enter it, it reduces the number of night awakenings, and improves sleep quality. Melatonin is used for conditions such as jet lag, insomnia, and glaucoma.

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, located within the brain. Levels of melatonin in the body correspond with the cycles of night and day, with the highest melatonin levels produced at night. Melatonin appears in foods only in trace amounts.

The body produces less melatonin with advancing age, which may explain why elderly people often have difficulty sleeping and why melatonin supplements improve sleep in the elderly. Adults with insomnia have lower melatonin levels. Frequents travelers and shift workers are also likely to benefit from melatonin for the resynchronization of their sleep schedules.

Many doctors of natural medicine suggest 1-3 mg of melatonin taken one to two hours before bedtime. Melatonin should not be taken during the day.

The few reported side effects of melatonin include possible morning grogginess, undesired drowsiness, sleep walking, and disorientation. It has been hypothesized that certain individuals should not use melatonin supplements including pregnant or breast-feeding women, individuals with depression or schizophrenia, and those with autoimmune disease, including lupus, at least until more is known.

Melatonin is either not available or may require a prescription in the United Kingdom.

Source:
1. ©1999 HealthNotes, Inc.

One-per-day multiples focus primarily on B-complex vitamins, with vitamin A and vitamin D sometimes being high and other times being low potency. The res of the formula, including vitamins C and E and the minerals, tend to be low potency. It does not take much of some of the minerals- for example, copper, zinc, and iron- to offer 100% or more of what people normally require.

When you read a label for a one-per-day multiple, evaluate it as primarily a B-complex with added A and D along with low potencies of most minerals except copper, zinc and iron. Most multiples have all the ingredients mixed together. Sometimes the B vitamins react with the rest of the ingredients in the capsule or tablet. This reaction is sped up whenever there is moisture or heat. This reaction can cause the B vitamins to "bleed" through the tablet or capsule discoloring it and also making the multiple "smell" While the multiple is still safe and effective, the smell is off-putting and usually not very well tolerated. Liquid multiples in a soft-gel capsule- or tablets or capsules that are kept dry and cool don't have this problem.

Some multiples are in time released form. The theory is that if the vitamins and minerals can be slowly released into the body over a period of time, it is better than releasing all the nutrients at once. Except for work done on vitamin C-some of which showed time released-research has been lacking, so it is still not certain whether this is a good idea or not. The best time to take vitamins or minerals is with meals. Multiples taken in between meals often cause stomach upset and are likely not as well absorbed.

Unfortunately, multiples do not taste very good. In order to make chewable multiples palatable, whether for children or adults, some compromises must be made. First, bad-tasting ingredients (such as iron) must be reduced or eliminated. Second, the rest of the ingredients must be masked with a sweetener.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is the pre-acetylized form of the simple amino acid Cysteine. N-Acetyl Cysteine is a powerful antioxidant and a premier antitoxin and immune support substance. Antitoxins neutralize free radicals, which are produced by normal metabolic activity. When free radicals are left unchecked they cause damage to cells and DNA and are considered by scientist to be a major factor in the aging process.

NAC has been shown to provide protection against free radicals as well as a broad range of toxic hazards such as: acrolein (found in smoke and exhaust), bromobenzene, toxic herbicides, overdoses of acetaminophen, and the side effects of cyclophosphamide and adrimcyn (anti-cancer drugs). It is also used in HIV support.

The key to this protection may be the sulfur and sulfhydryl groups contained in NAC and its derivative, glutathione. NAC is a better precursor of glutathione than both cysteine and methionine, having almost six times more effective sulfur groups left after digestion to help glutathione become active.

NAC is also a better source of glutathione than taking glutathione itself, because less than half of supplemental glutathione gets out of the digestive system and into the body. This greater efficiency is important since cellular glutathione levels tend to drop 30% to 35% with age. Supplemental NAC may have an anti-aging effect by increasing glutathione levels in the liver, lungs, kidneys and bone marrow.

NAC is currently the chosen dietary supplement for building up or conserving the body's stores of glutathione, cysteine, and other sulfydryl antioxidant resources. NAC is well tolerated, absorbed, and has been proven to raise internal GSH and cysteine levels when taken orally. The NAC dose recommended for healthy people is one to two 600mg capsules twice per day, but consult your health care professionals.

Source:
1. smartbasic.com

Niacin, (vitamin B3) is used by the body to release energy from carbohydrates. It is needed to form fat from carbohydrates and to process alcohol. The niacin form of vitamin B3 also regulates cholesterol. Niacin also helps synthesize DNA, and becomes a component of two co-enzymes, (NAD and NADP), which are both necessary for utilization of fats, tissue respiration, and production of sugars.

Niacin can be found in such natural sources as beef liver, brewer's yeast, white meat, peanuts, tuna, sunflower seeds, veal, halibut, and turkey.

Niacin is used for many purposes. These include maintaining normal functions of skin, nerves, and the digestive system, reducing the amount of triglycerides in blood, treating vertigo (dizziness) and ringing in ears, preventing premenstrual headaches, and treating pellagra. Pellegra, a disease caused by vitamin B3 deficiency, is rare in Western societies. Symptoms include loss of apetite, skin rash, diarrhea, mental changes, beefy tongue, and digestive and emotional disturbance.

Vitamin B3 works with vitamin B1 and B2 to release energy from carbohydrates. Therefore, these vitamins are often taken together in a B-complex or multiple vitamin supplement (although most B3 research uses niacin or niacinamide by itself).

Deficiency symptoms of niacin include muscle weakness, fatigue, a swollen, red tongue, and dermatitis. Side effects may include diarrhea, faintness, headache, and dry skin.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.

Long before there was Valium, There was valerian. It has been nature's top tranquilizer for over 1,000 years. Headaches, trembling, palpitations, hysteria, and stress-related digestion problems have been calmed by valerian root. In traditional Chinese medicine, valerian also eases backaches, menstrual problems, colds, bruises, and sores.

As an insomnia remedy, valerian shortens the time it takes to fall asleep and reduces middle-of-the-night awakening for many people without any of the morning-after grogginess that often comes with conventional sleeping pills. It relaxes tense nerves and muscles, so it's used to relieve menstrual cramps and mood swings.

Research indicates that components in valerian attach to the same brain receptors as tranquilizers like diazepam (Valium) but with milder effects- and without causing dependence or addiction.

Valerian can be taken as a tea or a tincture (sometimes called an extract) or in tablets or capsules.

Combining valerian root with other mildly sedating herbs is common both in Europe and the United States. Chamomile, hops, passion flower, and lemon balm are popular choices. Another popular development has been the creation of odor-controlled valerian root products.

If valerian acts as a stimulant, stop using it. Also avoid valerian if you are taking other sleep-enhancing, or mood-regulating medications such as Valium or amitriptyline (Elavil).

Source:
1. © 1995, Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health, p.73, Prima Pulishing
2. © 1993, The Women's Book of Healing Herbs, p.71, St. Martin's Press

In recent history, scientists isolated a bitter substance from the olive leaf and named it oleoropein. It was found to be one ingredient in a compound produced by the olive tree that makes it particularly robust and resistant against insect and bacterial damage. From a technical angle, oleuropen is an iridoid, a structural class of chemical compounds found in plants. It is present in olive oil, throughout the olive tree, and is, in fact, the bitter material that is eliminated from the olives when they are cured.

In 1962, an Italian researcher reported that oleuropein lowered blood pressure in animals. In addition, European researchers found it could also increase blood flow in the coronary arteries, relieve arrhythmias, and prevent intestinal muscle spasms. laboratory experiments with calcium elenolate, a salt of elenolic acid, demonstrated a strong effect against viruses, bacteria and parasitic protozoans as well.

Olive leaf extract is also used for chronic fatigue, to treat the common cold, flu, serious infectious diseases, herpes, bacterial infections, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple symptoms, fungus and yeast infections, skin conditions, tropical illnesses, heart arrhythmias, and as a source of fatty-acids. Because olive leaf extract is an herbal medicinal, its complex chemistry makes it potentially more effective against the emerging antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and other microorganisms for which pharmaceutical drugs prove to be ineffective.

The only adverse effect of taking olive leaf extract is the "die-off effect". "Die-off" occurs when the olive leaf component kills large numbers of harmful germs quickly, and the body's membranes absorb these toxic products. The large amount of foreign antigens triggers an increasing immune response, and these effects can temporarily worsen a persons flu-like symptoms. Physicians believe that this "die-off reaction" indicates that the treatment is working, because it shows that the immune system is operating correctly. The "die-off effect" last for about one week.

Source:
1. ©1995, WebMania!^TM

Optimune^TM whey protein is high in active natural immunoglobins. Serum immunoglobins, called antibodies, are reported to enhance white blood cell activity and help fight invading bacteria. Optimune^TM is manufactured specifically to ensure high natural immunoglobin activity. Independent laboratory studies comparing leading brands of whey protein have demonstrated Optimune^TM's superiority in immunoglobin content.

Whey is believed to be one of the best sources of protein with the highest biological value of any protein; better than egg, soy, milk or beef. It offers a balance of branched chain amino acids (BCAA's) that are necessary for stimulating new cell growth. Whey is a concentrated protein source that contains lactalbumin and immunoglobins which are believed to be important for immune function.

The latest data from years of clinical research showed that in a six-week study of a population of people experiencing nutritional stress and losing weight (at least 10 % of their ideal body weight), 78% of the participants maintained or gained weight using Optimune^TM as a nutritional adjunct.

Optimune^TM whey protein is manufactured using a patented ultrafiltration process specifically developed to concentrate naturally occurring proteins and active immunoglobins. Most proteins become denatured during the manufacturing process when they are heated or chemically abused. Denatured protein cannot give you Optimune^TM's benefits.

Optimune^TM is low in fat and contains less than 6% lactose per serving (equivalent to two tablespoons of skim milk). Optimune comes in a convenient, easy to use powder concentrate.

Source:
1. ©1999, www.optimnutrition.com

Psyllium, also known as the plantago seed, is native to Iran and India and is currently cultivated in these countries. The seed husks are also sometimes used, but only to treat constipation; they are too irritating for other uses. Psyllium has been used in connection with constipation, diarrhea, diabetes, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, and irritable bowel syndrome.

In addition to its traditional and current use for constipation, psyllium was also used topically to treat skin irritations, including poison ivy reactions and insect bites and stings. It has also been used in traditional herbal systems of China and India to treat diarrhea, hemorrhoids, bladders problems, and high blood pressure.

Psyllium is a bulk-forming husk that is high in both fiber and mucilage. Because of this, it is used to ease both diarrhea and constipation. Psyllium seeds contain 10-30% mucilage. The "bulking" properties of psyllium are due to the swelling of the husk when it comes in contact with water. This forms a gelatinous mass and keeps the feces hydrated and soft. The resulting mass stimulates a reflex contraction of the walls of the bowel, followed by emptying.

Many people take 7.5 grams of the seeds or 5 grams of the husks one to two times per day, with water or juice. It's important to maintain adequate fluid intake when using psyllium.

Using psyllium in recommended amounts is generally safe. People with chronic constipation should seek the advice of a health care professionals. Some people with irritable bowel syndrome feel worse when taking psyllium and may do better with soluble fiber, such as fruit. Preliminary evidence suggests that supplementing with psyllium while taking the drug lithium may interfere with the absorption of lithium in the blood.

Source:
1. ©1999, HealthNotes, Inc.